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عمومی::
اداره پلیس
Van Maanen (1983, 1985) noted, after conducted ethnographic research with field supervisors on one large, urban police department, that patrol sergeants utilized informal rewards and punishments to guide officer behavior.
As the Phoenix Police Department and the Maricopa County Sheriff Department are very large agencies, and the nine other agencies in the study were small suburban agencies, this measure was highly positively skewed.
Police departments should be encouraged to use social surveys to understand citizens' needs and assess the public's perception of its performance.
The findings reported above have important practical implication for the police departments.
However, the improvement of this criterion is not in the police departments' leadership's control.
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